2011职称英语阅读理解新增文章——卫生类(3)

A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.

It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6

练习：

1. The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT ______________________ according to the passage.

A child maltreatment is a global problem

B there is no exact data about low- and mid-income countries

C there is a shortage of the professional data collectors

D different scientists use different research methods

2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood.

B 25-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused.

C 25-50% of children were psychologically abused.

D 60-75% of children were neglected by their parents.

3. Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT __________________ according to the passage.

A drowning in swimming B diarrhea

C bums D falls

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment?

A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up.

B Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systems.

C Child maltreatment damages his early brain development.

D The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood.

5. The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT _________________ according to the passage.

A they frequently and easily cry

B they are in infant's or in adolescent period

C they are often neglected by their parents or friends

D they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents

第二十四篇 遏制虐待儿童现象

虐待儿童是一个全球问题，它会严重影响儿童的一生。由于缺乏很多国家虐待儿童的数据，尤其是中低收入国家的数据，目前对于儿童虐待在全球蔓延的成都， 我们还未能获得可靠的数据。

虐待儿童的研究很复杂，很困难。当前，各个国家大概的相关数据差别很大，而且使用的研究方法不同也会得出不同的估值。但是，国际研究显示，大约有20%的女性和5%-10%的男性称自己在童年遭到性虐待，而所有儿童的25%-50%都称自己曾受肉体上的虐待。除此之外，很多儿童受到情感虐待（有时又成为心理虐待）。

每年，有大约31,000名15岁以下儿童遭到谋杀，但是由于很大一部分由儿童虐待造成的死亡被错误地归因于坠楼、烧死或溺死，所以这一数据不能反映出这一问题真正的严重程度。

虐待儿童会给儿童和其家人带来持久的伤痛。虐待会造成压力，而压力会干扰儿童早期的大脑发育。高度压力会损伤神经和免疫系统的发育。之后，儿童长大成人，但是他们在行为、生理以及心理方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待又会导致心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病。

儿童虐待除了会造成健康问题，还会造成经济损失，包括住院费用、心理治疗费用、儿童福利和长期的医疗费用。

人们已经明确了造成儿童被虐待的大量风险因素。并不是所有的社会文化背景都包含这些风险因素，但是至少停工了一个风险因素概况，可以帮助理解儿童被虐待的成因。

有一点很重要，需要强调：儿童是受害者，而且绝不应该怪他们。不过，有几大特征会增加儿童受虐待的可能性，这些特点包括：4岁以下或者处于青春期、不受欢迎、不能满足父母的期望、有特殊需求、不停哭闹或是身体有异常。

+第三十四篇 Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance

The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment (multi-drug resistant bacteria), so pose particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

An article published in 7"he Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost/all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3 (antimicrobial resistance), and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.

While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.

Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers, managers of hospitals, patients, as well as national governments, the pharmaceutical industry, and international agencies.

WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures, particularly in healthcare facilities.

Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries, and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce- transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.

WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.

练习：

1. Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest?

A The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present.

B The micro-organisms develop much faster than the past, so the researchers are more interested.

C The antibiotics for multi-drug resistant bacteria are highly priced and there will be a big market for the drug industry.

D The antibiotics has been found more powerful for the treatment of the multi-drug resistant bacteria.

2. Which of the following is true of the article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases?

A The issue of AMR led the scientists to be alert to the new human gene.

B A new drug will be soon available for any multi-drug resistant bacteria.

C A new strain has been found to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.

D AMR aroused the awareness of the scientists to the infections caused by the antibiotics.

3. Who of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage to take cautious and proper action about the AMR?

A Those who use antibiotics.

B Those who sell antibiotics.

C Those who produce antibiotics.

D Those who study in universities.

4. All the following recommendations to the governments from WHO is true EXCEPT

A education to the users of .antibiotics.

B control on the use of antibiotics in health facilities.

C introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.

D limit on the hospitals to store more antibiotic drugs than they can use.

5. What can you infer from the passage?

A WHO can only recommend the governments to control and prevent the transmission of multi- drug resistant organisms.

B Even with the new strains against the existing antibiotics, the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms is still under control.

C Without the support from WHO, no country can be safe in the war against the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms.

D WHO will spare no effort in antimicrobial resistance in 2010 and will set a special day for it in 2011.

第三十四篇 警惕抗菌药物的耐药性

微生物引发感染后需要药物治疗，但是这些微生物渐渐对特效药产生了抗药性。细菌的抗药性逐渐成为全球关注的公众卫生事件。一些细菌通过改变自身机理，对许多用于治疗感染的抗生素药物产生了抗药性（这就是所谓的“多重耐药菌”），从而使治疗变得很棘手，因为在治疗过程人们只有很少的选择，甚至已经没有选择。这些问题成为一个日趋严重的全球性公众健康问题。世界卫生组织建议各国应准备实施医院感染控制措施，以限制多重耐药菌的种类，并加强全国性政策谨慎使用抗生素以减少耐药菌的产生。

2010年8月11日刊登在《柳叶刀-传染病》期刊上的一篇文章中提到一种基因，这种基因可以是多种类型的细菌对几乎所有的抗生素产生极强的耐药性，引起了世人对AMR（即“耐药性”），尤其是对多重耐药菌感染的关注。

多重耐药菌不是新生细菌，并且还会不断出现，这就需要对其实施监控和深入研究，以便了解多重耐药菌传播的范围和方式，从而采取有效手段进行防控。

这就要求人们提高对细菌耐药性的警惕，并且消费者、医院管理人员、病人、政府、药品生产企业以及国际机构都要采取适当的行动。

世界卫生组织强烈呼吁各国政府在以下领域采取集中控制和防御措施：AMR监管，抗生素合理使用，对公众及医务人员正确使用抗生素的教育，立法限制非处方购买抗生素以及感染的预防和控制措施，包括洗手这种方法，尤其是在医疗界。

对多重耐药菌的成功防控已经在许多国家得到了证实，只要能够系统地运用，现有的预防和控制手段可以有效地减少多重耐药菌的传播。

世界卫生组织将一如既往地支持各国实施相关措施，并协调所有国际努力，与细菌耐药性进行斗争。耐药性将成为2011年世界健康日的主题。

答案：卫生类

第三篇

1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B 5．D

第十八篇

1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．C

第二十四篇

1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 5．D

第三十四篇

1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 5 B